Day 15｜2回読み戦略（1回目スキミング＋2回目精読）
【メイン課題】
以下の英文を 4分〜5分以内 に読みましょう。
手順（2回読み戦略）：
① 1回目（2分）：各段落のトピックセンテンスを意識しながら通読 → 全体構造を把握
② 2回目（2分）：重要な段落を中心に精読
③ 設問に答える（1分）
英文：
The concept of “food miles” refers to the distance food travels from where it is produced to where it is consumed. In an era of global trade, it is common for ingredients to travel thousands of kilometers before reaching a consumer’s plate. For example, fresh salmon from Norway might appear in a supermarket in Japan, while avocados from Mexico are sold in stores across Europe. While this global food supply chain provides consumers with an impressive variety of choices throughout the year, it comes at a significant environmental cost.
Transportation of food over long distances generates substantial carbon emissions. Airfreight, which is used for perishable items like fresh fruits, vegetables, and seafood, is particularly harmful to the environment. A kilogram of food transported by air produces approximately 50 times more carbon dioxide than the same weight transported by ship. Even sea transport, while more efficient, still contributes to pollution and consumes large amounts of fossil fuels. When the energy used for refrigeration during transport is added, the total environmental impact becomes even greater.
In response to these concerns, the “local food” movement has gained momentum in many countries. Farmers’ markets, where consumers can buy produce directly from local growers, have become increasingly popular. Community-supported agriculture programs allow families to subscribe to regular deliveries of seasonal produce from nearby farms. In Japan, the concept of “chisan chisho” (local production for local consumption) encourages consumers to choose locally grown food whenever possible.
Supporters of the local food movement argue that buying local reduces carbon emissions, supports local economies, and provides fresher and more nutritious food. However, critics point out that the relationship between food miles and environmental impact is more complex than it appears. In some cases, food grown in a distant country with favorable climate conditions may actually have a smaller carbon footprint than locally produced food that requires heated greenhouses or intensive irrigation. The total environmental impact depends not only on transportation distance but also on production methods, packaging, and storage conditions.
Finding a balance between global and local food systems is essential for building a sustainable future. Consumers can make a difference by choosing seasonal and locally grown products when available, while still enjoying the diversity that global trade provides. Governments can support sustainable agriculture through policies that promote efficient production and reduce food waste throughout the supply chain.
設問：
（1）「フードマイル」とは何か。本文に基づいて日本語で説明しなさい。
（2）航空輸送が環境に特に悪い理由を本文に基づいて説明しなさい。
（3）「地産地消」運動の支持者と批判者の主張をそれぞれ1つずつ挙げなさい。
（4）本文の内容と一致するものを全て選びなさい。
a. 航空輸送は船舶輸送の約50倍のCO2を排出する
b. 地元の食品は常に遠方の食品より環境負荷が低い
c. 環境への影響は輸送距離だけでなく生産方法にも依存する
d. 日本には「地産地消」という概念がある
（5）文章全体の主張を日本語1文でまとめなさい。
模範解答を見る ▼
【模範解答】
各段落の要点：
– 第1段落：フードマイルの概念と食品のグローバルな流通。
– 第2段落：長距離輸送による環境負荷。
– 第3段落：地産地消運動の広がり。
– 第4段落：地産地消の利点と批判。
– 第5段落：結論（グローバルとローカルのバランス）。
設問の解答：
（1）食品が生産地から消費地まで移動する距離のこと。第1段落 “the distance food travels from where it is produced to where it is consumed” が根拠。
（2）航空輸送は1kgの食品あたり、船舶輸送の約50倍のCO2を排出するため。第2段落 “produces approximately 50 times more carbon dioxide than the same weight transported by ship” が根拠。
（3）
– 支持者：地元の食品を買えばCO2排出を減らし、地域経済を支え、より新鮮な食品を得られる。
– 批判者：気候条件が良い遠方の国で栽培した食品の方が、温室やかんがいを必要とする地元産より環境負荷が低い場合もある。
（4）正解：a、c、d
– a：本文 “approximately 50 times more carbon dioxide” → 正解
– b：本文第4段落で「地元産が常に環境負荷が低いとは限らない」と述べている → 不正解
– c：本文 “depends not only on transportation distance but also on production methods” → 正解
– d：本文 “chisan chisho” → 正解
（5）食品のグローバルな流通は多様な選択肢を提供するが環境負荷も大きいため、地産地消とグローバルな食品システムのバランスを取りながら持続可能な食の未来を築く必要がある。
ポイント（速読のコツ⑮）：
– 500語以上の英文は 2回読み が効果的。1回目はスキミング（90秒で全体像把握）、2回目で重要な段落を精読。1回で完璧に理解しようとせず、「2回で仕上げる」と割り切ると時間の余裕が生まれる。
【練習問題】以下の英文を4分〜5分以内に読み、設問に答えなさい。
英文：
Urban green spaces such as parks, gardens, and tree-lined streets provide numerous benefits to city residents. Research has consistently shown that access to green spaces improves both physical and mental health. People who live near parks are more likely to exercise regularly, and studies indicate that even short visits to green areas can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and improve mood.
Beyond individual health benefits, urban green spaces play an important role in environmental protection. Trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide, filter air pollutants, and provide shade that helps reduce the urban heat island effect. Green spaces also help manage stormwater by absorbing rainfall that would otherwise overwhelm drainage systems and cause flooding in built-up areas.
Despite these well-documented benefits, many cities around the world are losing green space to development. As populations grow and land values increase, parks and gardens are being replaced by residential buildings, commercial complexes, and parking lots. This trend is particularly concerning in rapidly urbanizing countries in Asia and Africa, where the demand for housing often takes priority over environmental considerations.
City planners are exploring creative solutions to integrate more green space into dense urban environments. Rooftop gardens, vertical forests, and pocket parks in vacant lots are examples of innovative approaches being adopted in cities like Singapore, Milan, and New York. These projects demonstrate that even in the most crowded cities, it is possible to find space for nature.
設問：
（1）都市の緑地が健康に与える効果を3つ挙げなさい。
（2）都市の緑地が減少している主な原因を答えなさい。
（3）文章全体の主張を日本語1文でまとめなさい。
練習問題の解答を見る ▼
【練習問題 解答】
設問の解答：
（1）①ストレスの軽減、②血圧の低下、③気分の改善。第1段落 “reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and improve mood” が根拠。
（2）人口増加と地価上昇により、公園や庭園が住宅や商業施設、駐車場に置き換えられているため。第3段落が根拠。
（3）都市の緑地は健康面・環境面で多くのメリットがあるが開発により失われつつあるため、屋上庭園や垂直の森などの創造的な方法で密集した都市にも緑を取り入れていくべきである。